From the best I can gather, one of the more immediate players in circadian biology is the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which participates in a variety of redox reactions. Fasting increases the intracellular NAD/NADH ratio, setting off a cascade of events involving epigenetics and the regulation of metabolism.
NAD activates sirtuins, a family of deacetylase enzymes. This is epigenetics.
SIRT1 regulates the activity of BMAL1 and CLOCK, two circadian transcription factors, which target NAMPT, an enzyme that synthesizes NAD. And in a curious feed-forward mechanism, CLOCK and BMAL1 enhance SIRT1 expression… genetic deletion of any of these players induces insulin resistance (Zhou et al., 2014), and this can be recapitulated with constant darkness: reduced BMAL1 and SIRT1, hepatic insulin resistance; the latter can be reversed with resveratrol
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measure urinary acetoacetate (AcAc) and reflect the degree of ketosis in the blood probably about 2-4 hours ago. 
measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) right now. bHB fluctuates to a greater degree, eg, it plummets after a meal whereas AcAc takes longer to decline. AcAc/bHB is usually around 1, but increases after a meal (
= pharmaceutically enhanced low fat diet. 
makes some of the strongest athletes in the world because unlike most other training regimes, they are constantly lifting very heavy weight. Other protocols restrict heavy lifting to certain times of the year, in-season / off-season, etc. At Westside, you’re going heavy on an exercise that changes very frequently (every 1 – 3 weeks). And it’s this latter point that provides the basis for why other people think Westside works. By constantly changing which exercise is lifted at maximal intensity, the body never fully adapts, or gets into a rut – this is part of Westside’s ‘Conjugate Method.’
, as per their 
theory: small doses of individual exercises, eg, conventional deadlifts one week, good mornings the next, sumo deads the next week, and so on and so forth – will improve your squats; the body never knows what’s coming (even though you might have planned it weeks in advance, or at least planned to check 
, wherein being prepared for “random” shocks seem to benefit the system as a whole, or make it stronger. Sedentary makes you fragile, weak, and soft; exercise makes you robust; Westside is Antifragile.
, 
Evans, Gervino, and 
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